EVALUATION | ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Carboxylic acids have Cloze (1): boiling points compared to other substances of comparable molar mass. Boiling points Cloze (2): with molar mass.

Carboxylic acids having one to four carbon atoms are completely Cloze (3): with water. Solubility decreases with molar mass.

Carboxylic acids that have very long chains of carbon (C) atoms attached to them are called Cloze (4): acids. As their name suggests, they are important in the formation of Cloze (5): in the body.

The carboxylic acids are acidic in nature because hydrogen belongs in the -COOH group. Carboxylic acids dissociate in water to form Cloze (6): ion and hydronium ion. The carboxylate ion formed is stabilized through resonance by effective delocalization of the negative charge.

Esters can also be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions, but hydrolysis under basic conditions is generally preferred because it is not reversible. The acidic process—the reverse of Fischer esterification—gives an equilibrium mixture of the starting compounds and products.) The hydrolysis is base is called saponification, because soap (Latin: sapo) has always been manufactured by heating fats (which are carboxylic esters) with water and a basic substance (originally wood ash). Soap is a mixture of salts of long-chain fatty acids. Whether hydrolyzed with an acid or a base, the products are the corresponding carboxylic acid (or its salt) and Cloze (7): .